Water treatment processes use a variety of chemicals to remove impurities, disinfect, and condition water for various purposes such as drinking, industrial applications, and wastewater treatment. Here are some commonly used chemicals in water treatment:
1. Coagulants and Flocculants:
- Aluminum Salts (Aluminum Sulfate or Alum, Poly Aluminum Chloride/PAC, Poly Aluminum Ferric Chloride)
- Iron Salts (Ferric Chloride, Ferric Sulfate)
- Synthetic Polymers (Anionic, Cationic, and Non-ionic, e.g. PolyDADMAC PAM)
2. Disinfectants:
- Chlorine (as gas, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite)
- Chloramines (a combination of chlorine and ammonia)
- Ozone
- Ultraviolet (UV) Light
- Chlorine Dioxide
- Peracetic Acid
3. pH Adjusters:
- Lime (Calcium Hydroxide)
- Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate)
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Sulfuric Acid
4. Corrosion Inhibitors and Scale Control Agents:
- Phosphates
- Silicates
- Zinc Orthophosphate
- Polyphosphates
5. Clarifiers and Precipitants:
- Aluminum or Ferric Sulfate for precipitating out suspended solids
- Barium Chloride for removing sulfate ions
6. Antiscalants:
- Organic polymers designed to inhibit the formation of scale caused by hardness minerals.
7. Biocides:
- Glutaraldehyde
- DBNPA (Dibromo-nitrilo-propanolamine)
- Chlorine dioxide
- Isothiazolones
8. Softening Agents:
- Ion exchange resins for hard water softening which replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium or potassium ions.
Each chemical has a specific role in the water treatment process and is selected based on the quality of the source water and the desired treated water quality standards.
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