Production Process:
Step 1: Preparation of Aluminum Chloride Solution
- If using aluminum hydroxide, it is reacted with hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chloride:
Al(OH)₃ + 3HCl → AlCl₃ + 3H₂O
Step 2: Polymerization
- The aluminum chloride solution is then slowly added into an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions. The hydrolysis reaction occurs as the aluminum chloride reacts with water:
AlCl₃ + 3H₂O → Al(OH)₃ + 3HCl
- However, instead of forming discrete aluminum hydroxide particles, the reaction is carried out in such a way that the aluminum hydroxide species partially hydrolyze and further react to form polymeric aluminum species through bridging oxygen atoms between aluminum centers.
- The pH and temperature are carefully controlled during this step. Higher temperatures (around 40-90°C) promote polymerization and formation of PAC with varying degrees of polymerization and charge density, depending on the desired product properties.
Step 3: Neutralization and Adjustment
- Excess sodium hydroxide is added to adjust the pH and control the degree of polymerization. This step also converts any remaining free aluminum ions into the polymeric form.
- The final PAC product can have different Al species like Al₁₅O₄(OH)₂₇Cl₁₀ or Al₂O₃ content and molecular weight based on the specific manufacturing process parameters.
Step 4: Filtration and Drying
- After the reaction, the PAC solution is filtered to remove any insoluble impurities.
- The filtrate may then be concentrated by evaporation and solidified by spray drying or other drying methods to yield a powdered or granular form of PAC suitable for water treatment applications.
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