Water treatment is the process of improving water quality to make it suitable for a specific end-use, such as drinking, industrial processes, or agricultural applications. This involves removing contaminants, suspended solids, and harmful substances from raw water sources like rivers, lakes, or groundwaters.
Commonly used water treatment chemicals include:
Coagulants and Flocculants: These are used in the primary stage of treatment to remove suspended particles, turbidity, and color. Coagulants (e.g., aluminum sulfate - alum, ferric chloride, or polyaluminum chloride) neutralize the electrical charge on particles, causing them to clump together. Flocculants (e.g., anionic polyacrylamide) enhance the formation of larger flocs that can be easily settled or filtered out.
Chlorine: Chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. It's available in various forms including liquid bleach (sodium hypochlorite), gas (chlorine gas), or solid (calcium hypochlorite).
Chloramines: A combination of chlorine and ammonia, chloramines are also used as secondary disinfectants because they offer longer-lasting protection against microbial growth in the distribution system.
Alkalinity Adjusters: Lime (calcium hydroxide) or soda ash (sodium carbonate) can be added to adjust pH and alkalinity levels, which helps in softening water and enhancing coagulation.
Phosphates: Used as corrosion inhibitors to prevent lead and copper from leaching into the water from pipes.
Antiscalants: These prevent the formation of scale by inhibiting the precipitation of minerals such as calcium and magnesium carbonates, sulfates, and silicates.
Ozone (O3): An alternative powerful oxidizing agent to chlorine for water disinfection and removal of taste and odor-causing compounds.
Filtration Media: While not strictly chemicals, activated carbon is often used in filters to adsorb organic compounds, chlorine, and other contaminants that cause taste and odor issues.
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Treatments: Though not a chemical either, this process uses pressure to force water through a membrane that removes dissolved salts and other impurities.
Polyelectrolytes: These are used for sludge dewatering in wastewater treatment, aiding in thickening and settling processes.
Each chemical is applied according to the type and degree of contamination present in the water source and the intended use of the treated water.
Keywords: PAC, polyaluminum chloride, polyDADMAC, cationic polymer coagulant, cationic polymer flocculant, coagulant, flocculant, Polyelectrolyte, polyquaterinum
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