Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is a widely used coagulant in water and wastewater treatment processes. It's an inorganic polymer that has a high efficiency in removing suspended solids, organic matter, colloids, and other impurities from water due to its complexation, adsorption, and bridging effects.

**Application in Water Treatment:**

1. Drinking Water Treatment: PAC effectively removes turbidity, color, and microorganisms from raw water by aggregating fine particles into larger flocs that can be easily sedimented or filtered out. It's especially effective for treating waters with a high content of humic substances and algae.

2. Industrial Water Treatment: In industries such as papermaking, textile, and dyeing, PAC is used to purify process water and effluent, reducing COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), and improving the quality of discharged water.

3. Municipal Wastewater Treatment: PAC is used in primary and secondary treatment stages of municipal sewage plants. It helps in clarifying the wastewater by coagulating and flocculating suspended solids and organic matter, preparing the water for further biological treatment or filtration.

**Mechanism of Action:**

When PAC is added to water, it hydrolyzes to form aluminum hydroxide species which have a positive charge. These positively charged ions neutralize the negative charges on the surface of suspended particles, causing them to aggregate. The large molecular size and multivalent nature of PAC allow it to form dense flocs that settle rapidly.

In practice, the dosage of PAC and the pH of the water need to be carefully controlled to achieve optimal treatment results. High basicity PACs are more effective at lower pH values, while low basicity PACs perform better at higher pH ranges. The selection of the appropriate PAC type depends on the specific characteristics of the water being treated.

Keywords: PAC, Poly aluminum Chloride, poly aluminium chloride, Polyaluminum Chloride, PACL, Coagulant

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